MDCK Cell Culture: The Essential Guide to Using Canine Serum for Viral Production

Veröffentlicht am 11. Februar 2026 um 09:25

Introduction

Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells have become one of the most important cell lines in modern biotechnology. From influenza vaccine manufacturing to drug permeability studies, MDCK cells are indispensable tools for researchers and pharmaceutical companies worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) and regulatory agencies like the FDA and EMA have approved MDCK cells for vaccine production, making them a cornerstone of global public health infrastructure.

However, successful MDCK cell culture requires careful attention to culture conditions, particularly the selection and use of serum supplements. Canine serum offers unique advantages for MDCK cells, providing species-specific growth factors and proteins that optimize cell health, proliferation, and functionality.

In this comprehensive guide, we'll explore everything you need to know about culturing MDCK cells with canine serum, from basic protocols to advanced optimization strategies.

What Are MDCK Cells?

Origin and History: MDCK cells were first isolated in 1958 by S.H. Madin and N.B. Darby from the kidney of an adult female Cocker Spaniel. These epithelial cells quickly became popular in research due to their ability to:

  • Form tight junctions and polarized monolayers
  • Support replication of a wide range of viruses
  • Grow rapidly in culture with minimal requirements
  • Maintain stable characteristics over many passages

Key Characteristics:

  • Cell Type: Epithelial
  • Morphology: Cobblestone appearance when confluent
  • Species: Canine (Canis lupus familiaris)
  • Tissue: Kidney (distal tubule and collecting duct)
  • Doubling Time: 18-24 hours under optimal conditions
  • Adherence: Strongly adherent to tissue culture plastic

MDCK Cell Strains: Several MDCK strains exist, each with specific characteristics:

  • MDCK (parental): Original strain, general virology
  • MDCK-SIAT1: Overexpresses α2,6-sialic acid, enhances human influenza virus binding
  • MDCK-London: Adapted for suspension culture, vaccine manufacturing
  • MDCK Type I & Type II: Differ in transport properties, used in drug permeability studies

Why Use Canine Serum for MDCK Cells?

While MDCK cells can grow in media supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS), canine serum offers several distinct advantages:

1. Species-Specific Optimization

Canine serum contains growth factors, hormones, and proteins specific to canine physiology:

  • Canine Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF): Optimized for canine receptors
  • Canine Transferrin: Better iron delivery to canine cells
  • Canine Albumin: Proper osmotic balance and nutrient transport
  • Species-Matched Lipoproteins: Support membrane synthesis

Result: Faster proliferation, healthier morphology, more consistent passage-to-passage behavior

2. Viral Production Enhancement

For influenza and other viruses:

  • Reduced Xenogeneic Interference: No bovine proteins that might interfere with viral attachment
  • Optimal Sialic Acid Expression: Canine serum maintains proper receptor expression
  • Higher Viral Titers: Studies show 1.5-3x higher influenza titers with canine vs. bovine serum
  • Better Viral Stability: Species-matched environment preserves viral integrity

3. Regulatory Advantages

For vaccine production:

  • Species Consistency: Using canine cells with canine serum reduces adventitious agent risks
  • Simplified Validation: Fewer cross-species contamination concerns
  • Traceability: European canine serum offers excellent documentation
  • Animal Welfare: Ethical sourcing from healthy donor animals

4. Research Reproducibility

  • Physiological Relevance: More accurate modeling of canine kidney function
  • Reduced Variability: Species-matched serum minimizes experimental noise
  • Better Comparability: Results more translatable to in vivo canine studies

Complete MDCK Cell Culture Protocol with Canine Serum

Materials & Equipment

Cell Culture Reagents:

  • MDCK cells (obtain from ATCC: CCL-34 or similar)
  • Canine serum (heat-inactivated recommended)
  • Base medium: DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium) or MEM (Minimum Essential Medium)
  • L-Glutamine (2 mM final concentration)
  • Antibiotics (optional): Penicillin (100 U/ml) + Streptomycin (100 μg/ml)
  • Trypsin-EDTA (0.25% trypsin, 0.02% EDTA)
  • PBS (Phosphate-Buffered Saline), sterile

Equipment:

  • Tissue culture flasks (T25, T75, T175)
  • Cell culture incubator (37°C, 5% CO₂, humidified)
  • Biosafety cabinet (Class II)
  • Inverted microscope
  • Hemocytometer or automated cell counter
  • Centrifuge
  • Water bath (37°C)

Step 1: Prepare Complete Culture Medium

Standard MDCK Medium Formula:

Base Medium: DMEM with high glucose (4.5 g/L) or MEM

  • Add: 10% heat-inactivated canine serum
  • Add: 2 mM L-glutamine
  • Add (optional): 100 U/ml penicillin + 100 μg/ml streptomycin
  • Add (optional): 1× non-essential amino acids

Why Heat-Inactivate Canine Serum? Heat inactivation (56°C for 30 minutes) inactivates complement proteins that can:

  • Cause spontaneous cell lysis
  • Interfere with viral infections
  • Create batch-to-batch variability

Filter-sterilize complete medium through 0.22 μm filter if combining components.

Storage:

  • Prepare fresh medium weekly
  • Store at 4°C
  • Warm to 37°C before use

Step 2: Thaw and Seed MDCK Cells

Thawing Frozen Cells:

  1. Remove cryovial from liquid nitrogen storage
  2. Thaw rapidly in 37°C water bath (1-2 minutes)
  3. Transfer to 15 ml conical tube
  4. Add 9 ml warm complete medium dropwise (to dilute DMSO)
  5. Centrifuge 300 × g for 5 minutes
  6. Aspirate supernatant carefully
  7. Resuspend pellet in 10 ml complete medium
  8. Transfer to T75 flask
  9. Incubate at 37°C, 5% CO₂

Expected Recovery:

  • Day 1: Cells appear rounded, some floating
  • Day 2: Cells attach and spread
  • Day 3-4: Cells begin proliferating
  • Day 5-7: Ready for first passage (70-80% confluent)

First Passage Consideration: Discard medium and replace with fresh medium 24 hours after thawing to remove residual DMSO and dead cells.

Step 3: Routine Passaging

When to Passage:

  • MDCK cells should be passaged at 70-90% confluence
  • Do NOT allow cells to reach 100% confluence
  • Over-confluent cells lose contact inhibition and pile up
  • Passage every 2-4 days depending on seeding density

Passaging Protocol:

  1. Rinse: Aspirate medium, wash with 5 ml PBS
  2. Trypsinize: Add 2 ml trypsin-EDTA to T75 flask
  3. Incubate: 3-5 minutes at 37°C (monitor under microscope)
  4. Neutralize: Add 8 ml complete medium (canine serum inactivates trypsin)
  5. Dissociate: Pipette gently to create single-cell suspension
  6. Count: Take 10 μl for cell counting
  7. Seed: Dilute and seed new flasks

Recommended Seeding Densities:

  • Low density (1:10 split): ~1 × 10⁴ cells/cm² → 4-5 days to confluent
  • Medium density (1:5 split): ~2 × 10⁴ cells/cm² → 3-4 days to confluent
  • High density (1:3 split): ~3 × 10⁴ cells/cm² → 2-3 days to confluent

Example for T75 Flask (75 cm²):

  • Seed 1.5 × 10⁶ cells for 1:5 split
  • Add 15 ml complete medium
  • Passage when reaching 7-8 × 10⁶ cells (80% confluent)

Step 4: Cell Culture Monitoring

Daily Observations:

Morphology:

  • Healthy: Uniform cobblestone appearance, clear boundaries between cells
  • Unhealthy: Rounded cells, vacuoles, detachment, granularity

Confluence:

  • Use phase-contrast microscopy
  • Estimate percentage coverage
  • Aim to passage at 70-90%

Medium Condition:

  • Healthy culture: Medium remains orange-red (pH ~7.4)
  • Overgrown culture: Medium turns yellow (pH <7.0, acidic)
  • Contaminated: Turbidity, unusual particles

Medium Change Schedule:

  • Change medium every 2-3 days if not passaging
  • Use 0.15 ml medium per cm² of growth area
  • Example: T75 flask = 12-15 ml medium

Optimizing Canine Serum Concentration

The optimal serum concentration depends on your application:

For Routine Maintenance: 10% Canine Serum

Standard Protocol:

  • 10% heat-inactivated canine serum in DMEM
  • Supports robust growth
  • Good for general maintenance and expansion
  • Cost-effective for most applications

Performance Metrics:

  • Doubling time: ~20-22 hours
  • Viability: >95%
  • Morphology: Excellent

For Slow-Growth Applications: 5% Canine Serum

Use Cases:

  • Long-term culture (>7 days between passages)
  • Differentiation studies
  • Tight junction formation studies
  • Cost reduction

Performance Metrics:

  • Doubling time: ~24-28 hours
  • Viability: >90%
  • Morphology: Good, more compact monolayers

Note: Test 5% vs. 10% for your specific application. Some MDCK strains perform equally well at 5%, reducing serum costs by 50%.

For Viral Production: 2-5% Canine Serum

Rationale:

  • Lower serum reduces interference with viral attachment
  • Reduces serum proteins in final viral harvest
  • Simplifies downstream purification

Viral Production Protocol:

  1. Expansion Phase: Grow cells in 10% canine serum
  2. Seeding Phase: Seed production vessels at high density
  3. Pre-Infection: Reduce to 2% canine serum 24 hours before infection
  4. Infection: Infect with virus in serum-free or 0.5% serum medium
  5. Post-Infection: Maintain in 0-2% serum until harvest

Example (Influenza Production):

  • Seed MDCK-SIAT1 cells at 5 × 10⁵ cells/cm²
  • 24h later: Replace with medium containing 2% canine serum
  • 24h later: Infect with influenza at MOI 0.001-0.01
  • Add TPCK-trypsin (2 μg/ml) for viral cleavage
  • Harvest at 48-72 hours post-infection

Canine Serum Lot Testing for MDCK Cells

Not all canine serum lots perform equally. Conduct lot testing before committing to large purchases:

Lot Testing Protocol:

1. Obtain Samples

  • Request 50-100 ml samples of 3-5 different lots from supplier
  • Ensure all lots are from same source/processing method

2. Parallel Testing

  • Thaw same passage of MDCK cells
  • Seed into multiple T25 flasks (one per serum lot)
  • Use identical medium formulations except for serum lot

3. Evaluate Growth Kinetics

  • Count cells at Days 2, 4, 6, 8
  • Plot growth curves
  • Calculate doubling times

4. Assess Morphology

  • Take images at each time point
  • Score morphology (1-5 scale: 1=poor, 5=excellent)
  • Look for uniform cobblestone appearance

5. Viral Permissiveness (if applicable)

  • Infect cells with test virus (e.g., influenza)
  • Measure viral titer at 48h post-infection
  • Compare across serum lots

6. Select Best Lot

  • Prioritize: Fastest growth + Best morphology + Highest viral titer
  • Reserve large quantity of selected lot (1-5 liters depending on needs)

Parameters to Track:

 

Serum LotDoubling TimeMorphology ScoreViral Titer (TCID50/ml)Overall RankLot A22h5/51.2 × 10⁷1stLot B24h4/58.5 × 10⁶2ndLot C26h3/56.2 × 10⁶3rd

 

Influenza Vaccine Production in MDCK Cells

MDCK cells are the industry standard for influenza vaccine manufacturing. Here's how canine serum fits into the process:

Why MDCK for Influenza?

Advantages Over Eggs:

  • Faster production (weeks vs. months)
  • No egg allergen concerns
  • Better scalability
  • Reduced risk of viral mutations
  • Consistent quality

Regulatory Status:

  • FDA-approved for seasonal influenza vaccines
  • EMA-approved for pandemic vaccines
  • WHO-recommended platform

Influenza Production Protocol

Phase 1: Cell Expansion (with Canine Serum)

  1. Seed Culture:
    • Start with working cell bank vial
    • Expand in T175 flasks with 10% canine serum
    • Passage to larger vessels (CellSTACKs, bioreactors)
  2. Quality Control:
    • Verify cell identity (species, strain)
    • Mycoplasma testing
    • Sterility testing
    • Growth curve validation

Phase 2: Production (Reduced Canine Serum)

  1. Seed Production Vessels:
    • Seed at 80-90% density for immediate infection
    • Use medium with 2-5% canine serum
  2. Pre-Infection Starvation:
    • 24h before infection: Switch to low-serum medium (0.5-2%)
    • Allows cells to synchronize metabolism
    • Reduces serum interference with viral attachment

Phase 3: Infection (Minimal/No Serum)

  1. Viral Infection:
    • Remove medium completely
    • Wash cells with PBS or serum-free medium
    • Add virus inoculum in serum-free medium
    • MOI 0.001-0.01 (allow multiple replication cycles)
    • Add TPCK-trypsin (1-2 μg/ml) for HA cleavage
  2. Incubation:
    • 33-37°C (strain-dependent)
    • 5% CO₂
    • Monitor for CPE (cytopathic effect)

Phase 4: Harvest

  1. Harvest Timing:
    • 48-72 hours post-infection (peak titer)
    • Monitor by hemagglutination assay (HA test)
    • Don't wait too long (virus degrades)
  2. Clarification:
    • Centrifuge to remove cells and debris
    • Filtration (0.45 μm → 0.22 μm)

Phase 5: Purification & Formulation

  1. Purification:
    • Ultracentrifugation (sucrose gradient)
    • Or chromatography (ion exchange, size exclusion)
    • Remove host cell proteins and DNA
  2. Inactivation (for inactivated vaccines):
    • β-propiolactone or formaldehyde
    • Validate complete inactivation
  3. Formulation:
    • Adjust HA content per strain
    • Add stabilizers
    • Fill vials

Canine Serum Impact on Yield: Studies show:

  • 10% Canine Serum (expansion): Optimal cell growth, healthy cells for infection
  • 2% Canine Serum (production): 30% higher HA titer vs. 10% serum
  • 0% Serum (infection): Highest titers but more cell stress

Recommendation: Use serum step-down approach for best balance of cell health and viral yield.

MDCK Cells in Drug Permeability Studies

MDCK cells are also widely used in pharmaceutical research to predict drug absorption:

MDCK Permeability Assay

Purpose:

  • Model intestinal or renal epithelial barriers
  • Predict oral bioavailability
  • Identify P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates

Protocol:

  1. Seed Transwell Inserts:
    • Use permeable membrane inserts (0.4 μm pore size)
    • Seed MDCK cells at 1-2 × 10⁵ cells/cm²
    • Culture in 10% canine serum medium
  2. Monolayer Formation:
    • Culture 3-7 days
    • Measure TEER (Trans-Epithelial Electrical Resistance)
    • Target: TEER >200 Ω·cm² (indicates tight junctions)
  3. Permeability Assay:
    • Add test compound to apical or basolateral chamber
    • Sample opposite chamber over time (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 min)
    • Calculate apparent permeability (Papp)

Canine Serum Benefits:

  • Better tight junction formation vs. FBS
  • More physiologically relevant canine kidney model
  • Lower variability in TEER values

Troubleshooting MDCK Cell Culture Issues

Problem 1: Slow Growth or Poor Viability

Symptoms:

  • Cells not reaching confluence within 5-7 days
  • High percentage of floating dead cells
  • Doubling time >30 hours

Possible Causes & Solutions:

Cause: Poor quality or outdated canine serum

  • Solution: Test different serum lots
  • Solution: Verify serum hasn't been freeze-thawed multiple times
  • Solution: Check expiration date

Cause: Trypsin over-digestion

  • Solution: Reduce trypsinization time to 3 minutes
  • Solution: Monitor cells under microscope during trypsinization
  • Solution: Neutralize with more serum-containing medium

Cause: Mycoplasma contamination

  • Solution: Test cells with mycoplasma PCR kit
  • Solution: Discard contaminated culture, start fresh from frozen stock
  • Solution: Implement routine mycoplasma screening (monthly)

Cause: Too many passages (senescence)

  • Solution: Use cells between P5-P30 only
  • Solution: Thaw fresh vial from early passage

Problem 2: Cells Not Adhering

Symptoms:

  • Cells float after seeding
  • Cells attach poorly even after 24 hours
  • Rounded morphology instead of spread

Possible Causes & Solutions:

Cause: Inadequate serum concentration

  • Solution: Increase to 10% canine serum for initial attachment
  • Solution: Pre-coat flasks with collagen or fibronectin

Cause: Residual trypsin activity

  • Solution: Increase volume of serum-containing medium during neutralization
  • Solution: Add extra wash step with complete medium

Cause: Wrong flask surface

  • Solution: Use tissue culture-treated flasks (not non-TC or ultra-low attachment)
  • Solution: Verify flask labeling

Cause: pH too high or too low

  • Solution: Verify CO₂ incubator is calibrated (should be 5%)
  • Solution: Check medium pH before use (should be 7.2-7.4)

Problem 3: Contamination

Bacterial Contamination:

  • Symptoms: Rapid medium acidification (yellow), turbidity, visible particles
  • Prevention: Strict aseptic technique, use antibiotics during initial culture establishment
  • Action: Discard culture immediately, decontaminate hood and incubator

Fungal Contamination:

  • Symptoms: White or black fuzzy growth, slow appearance
  • Prevention: Wipe down hood with antifungal agent weekly
  • Action: Discard culture, don't try to save

Mycoplasma Contamination:

  • Symptoms: Subtle - slow growth, morphology changes, "fried egg" appearance
  • Detection: PCR testing (every 2-3 months)
  • Prevention: Strict hood protocols, quarantine new cell lines
  • Action: Discard culture, decontaminate equipment, start from clean frozen stock

Problem 4: Loss of Contact Inhibition

Symptoms:

  • Cells pile up and form multilayers
  • Loss of cobblestone morphology
  • Excessive cell density

Possible Causes & Solutions:

Cause: Cells allowed to become over-confluent

  • Solution: Passage at 70-80% confluence consistently
  • Solution: Never let cells reach 100% confluence

Cause: High passage number (transformation risk)

  • Solution: Use low-passage cells (<P30)
  • Solution: Return to frozen stock if cells show abnormal behavior

Cause: Spontaneous transformation

  • Solution: Karyotype analysis to confirm normal canine chromosome number
  • Solution: Discard transformed cells, use fresh stock

Serum-Free MDCK Culture: Transition Strategy

While canine serum is optimal for many applications, serum-free culture is required for some clinical manufacturing:

Gradual Adaptation Protocol:

Week 1-2: 10% canine serum → 7.5% canine serum + 2.5% serum-free supplement Week 3-4: 5% canine serum + 5% serum-free supplement Week 5-6: 2.5% canine serum + 7.5% serum-free supplement Week 7-8: 100% serum-free medium (commercially available or custom formulation)

Serum-Free Medium Components:

  • Recombinant canine insulin (5 μg/ml)
  • Recombinant transferrin (5 μg/ml)
  • Selenium (5 ng/ml)
  • EGF (epidermal growth factor) (10 ng/ml)
  • Hydrocortisone (0.5 μg/ml)
  • Trace elements and lipids

Validation:

  • Confirm growth rate comparable to serum culture
  • Verify tight junction formation (TEER values)
  • Validate viral permissiveness
  • Characterize proteome/secretome differences

Quality Control for MDCK Cells

Implement these QC checks to ensure culture consistency:

Cell Identity Testing:

  • Species Verification: PCR for canine-specific DNA sequences
  • Strain Verification: STR profiling (if MDCK variant)
  • Frequency: Every 10 passages or every 3 months

Sterility Testing:

  • Mycoplasma: PCR every 2-3 months
  • Bacteria/Fungi: Visual inspection + culture-based testing as needed
  • Endotoxin: <0.5 EU/ml for GMP applications

Growth Characteristics:

  • Doubling Time: Should remain consistent (18-24h for MDCK)
  • Morphology Scoring: Routine microscopy
  • Passage Limit: Establish maximum passage number (recommend <P30)

Functional Testing:

  • Viral Permissiveness: Test with reference virus every 5-10 passages
  • TEER Values: For permeability studies, validate tight junction formation
  • Marker Expression: Flow cytometry for relevant surface markers (e.g., sialic acid residues)

Cost Analysis: Canine Serum vs. FBS for MDCK Culture

Scenario: 1 month of MDCK culture for influenza production

 

ParameterCanine SerumFBSSerum Price (500ml)€180€120Cell Growth Rate20h doubling time24h doubling timeViral Titer1.5 × 10⁷ TCID50/ml1.0 × 10⁷ TCID50/mlPassages Needed8 passages10 passages (slower growth)Total Medium Used2L2.5L (more passages)Total Serum Cost€720€600Viral Yield50% higherBaselineCost per Unit Viral Titer€0.048€0.060

 

Conclusion: While canine serum has higher upfront cost, improved cell performance and viral yields result in 20% lower cost per unit of product.

Best Practices for MDCK Cell Banking

Create a robust cell bank system:

Master Cell Bank (MCB):

  • Low passage cells (P3-P5)
  • 50-100 vials minimum
  • Store in liquid nitrogen vapor phase

Working Cell Bank (WCB):

  • Expanded from MCB (P8-P15)
  • 30-50 vials per WCB
  • Use for routine experiments

Freezing Protocol:

  1. Harvest cells at 70-80% confluence
  2. Resuspend at 5-10 × 10⁶ cells/ml in freezing medium:
    • 50% complete medium (with 10% canine serum)
    • 40% fresh canine serum
    • 10% DMSO
  3. Aliquot 1 ml per cryovial
  4. Use controlled-rate freezer (-1°C/min) or isopropanol freezing container
  5. Transfer to liquid nitrogen after 24h at -80°C

Thawing Protocol:

  • Rapid thaw (37°C water bath, 1-2 min)
  • Dilute DMSO quickly with medium
  • Gentle handling to preserve viability

Regulatory Considerations for MDCK-Based Products

If using MDCK cells for vaccine or therapeutic production:

Cell Line Characterization:

  • Complete history and origin documentation
  • Tumorigenicity testing (in vivo)
  • Adventitious agent testing (virus, mycoplasma, TSE)

Serum Documentation:

  • Canine serum Certificate of Analysis
  • Animal health certificates
  • Traceability to donor animals
  • Pathogen testing results (BVD, canine pathogens)

Process Validation:

  • Demonstrate consistent cell performance
  • Validate serum lot-to-lot consistency
  • Establish acceptable ranges for growth and productivity

Regulatory Guidance:

  • FDA: "Guidance for Industry: Characterization and Qualification of Cell Substrates"
  • EMA: ICH Q5D guideline
  • WHO: TRS 978 (cell substrates for vaccine production)

Future Trends: MDCK Cells Beyond Traditional Applications

Emerging Applications:

1. Organoid Technology:

  • 3D MDCK organoids mimic kidney tubule structure
  • Applications in nephrotoxicity testing
  • Disease modeling (polycystic kidney disease)

2. Gene Editing:

  • CRISPR/Cas9 modifications of MDCK cells
  • Reporter cell lines for high-throughput screening
  • Knockout models to study transport mechanisms

3. Synthetic Biology:

  • Engineering MDCK cells for bioproduction
  • Glycoengineering for improved viral vaccines
  • Secretion of recombinant proteins

4. Microfluidic Kidney-on-a-Chip:

  • MDCK cells in microfluidic devices
  • Mimic kidney filtration and reabsorption
  • Drug testing and personalized medicine

Canine Serum's Role: Even as technologies evolve, canine serum will remain important for:

  • Establishing baseline cellular behavior
  • Method development and optimization
  • Comparative studies (modified vs. wild-type cells)

Conclusion

MDCK cells are workhorses of modern biotechnology, and their success depends heavily on optimized culture conditions. Canine serum provides species-specific factors that enhance MDCK cell growth, morphology, and functionality, making it the superior choice for applications ranging from viral vaccine production to drug permeability studies.

Key Takeaways:

✓ Use 10% heat-inactivated canine serum for routine MDCK maintenance ✓ Reduce to 2-5% serum for viral production to maximize titers ✓ Perform lot testing before committing to large serum purchases ✓ Passage at 70-90% confluence to maintain cell health ✓ Implement strict QC including mycoplasma testing and growth monitoring ✓ Consider serum-free transition for clinical manufacturing applications

Get High-Quality Canine Serum for MDCK Cells:

SeamlessBio offers GMP-compliant canine serum specifically validated for MDCK cell culture and viral production. Our European-sourced serum provides:

  • Consistent lot-to-lot performance
  • Complete regulatory documentation
  • Optimized for both research and manufacturing applications
  • Expert technical support

[Request a Quote] | [Download MDCK Culture Guide] | [Contact Technical Support]

Additional Resources:

  • MDCK Cell Culture Troubleshooting Checklist (PDF)
  • Serum Lot Testing Template (Excel)
  • Influenza Production SOP Template (Word)

References:

  1. Genzel, Y., et al. (2014). "MDCK and Vero cells for influenza virus vaccine production: a one-to-one comparison." Vaccine.
  2. Lohr, V., et al. (2010). "New avian suspension cell lines provide production of influenza virus and MVA in serum-free media." Vaccine.
  3. Gaush, C.R., et al. (1966). "Characterization of an established line of canine kidney cells (MDCK)." Proc Soc Exp Biol Med.

Published: February 2025 | Author: SeamlessBio Research Team | Category: Cell Culture, Virology, Vaccine Production

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